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A torque converter in modern usage, is normally a fluid coupling which is used to transfer rotating power from a prime mover, for example an electric motor or an internal combustion engine, to a rotating driven load. Same as a basic fluid coupling, the torque converter takes the place of a mechanized clutch. This allows the load to be separated from the main power source. A torque converter could provide the equivalent of a reduction gear by being able to multiply torque if there is a significant difference between output and input rotational speed.
The fluid coupling type is the most common kind of torque converter utilized in auto transmissions. During the 1920's there were pendulum-based torque or otherwise called Constantinesco converter. There are other mechanical designs used for always variable transmissions that could multiply torque. Like for example, the Variomatic is one version which has expanding pulleys and a belt drive.
The 2 element drive fluid coupling cannot multiply torque. Torque converters have an part known as a stator. This alters the drive's characteristics during times of high slippage and produces an increase in torque output.
There are a minimum of three rotating elements inside a torque converter: the turbine, that drives the load, the impeller, that is mechanically driven by the prime mover and the stator, that is between the turbine and the impeller so that it can alter oil flow returning from the turbine to the impeller. Usually, the design of the torque converter dictates that the stator be prevented from rotating under whatever condition and this is where the term stator originates from. Actually, the stator is mounted on an overrunning clutch. This design prevents the stator from counter rotating with respect to the prime mover while still permitting forward rotation.
Adjustments to the basic three element design have been incorporated sometimes. These changes have proven worthy especially in application where higher than normal torque multiplication is required. Most commonly, these adjustments have taken the form of many stators and turbines. Each set has been designed to produce differing amounts of torque multiplication. Some instances consist of the Dynaflow that utilizes a five element converter to be able to produce the wide range of torque multiplication needed to propel a heavy vehicle.
Even though it is not strictly a component of classic torque converter design, various automotive converters consist of a lock-up clutch in order to lessen heat and in order to enhance cruising power transmission effectiveness. The application of the clutch locks the turbine to the impeller. This causes all power transmission to be mechanical which eliminates losses associated with fluid drive.
